The ancient municipality of Oinoi is mentioned by Herodotus as one of the "most distant municipalities of Attica". According to Thucydides, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, in 431 BC, when the Spartans invaded Attica, Oinoi was the first settlement to be besieged, but not occupied. Most likely the inhabitants of Oinoi had taken refuge inside the ancient fortress, whose construction dates back to classical times.

“...remoteness has preserved for us a Greek fortified town

in better condition and greater completeness than any other...

a place, for those who have seen it, to marvel at and return to”  

                                                                                E.F. Benson, 1895

Habitation continued into Early Christian times, as evidenced by the 5th century BC five-aisled basilica in the lower town of the fortress of Aigosthena. In the 11th century the chapel of Virgin Maria or Agia Anna was built over the ruins of the basilica of ancient building material.

During the Byzantine and post-Byzantine period, the area of the acropolis of the Fortress of Aigosthena hosted the Monastery of Agios Georgios, from which the ruins of monks are preserved, as well as the katholikon, dedicated to Agios Georgios.

The archaeological site of Eleutherai encompasses part of the lowland and rocky hill, where the ancient fortress, known as Gyftokastro, stands. Eleutherai was allegedly the birthplace of Dionysus, who founded the homonymous city and was thus called Dionysus Eleuthereus. Originally a Boeotian city, Eleutherai went over to Athens in the sixth century BC. Strategically located on the borderline of the Athenian territory, with control over the narrow passage between Athens and Thebes and overlooking the plain of Oinoe, Eleutherai was part of the Athenian defence network in the fourth century BC.

Fortification work of the 4th century B.C. which controls the mountain pass between Attica and Viotia. It is located about 1000m. southwest of the place where the ancient municipality of Fyle is located.

On the hill Korakofoleza of Parnitha, in the administrative boundaries of the Municipality of Acharnes, a fortification wall built of raw small stones is located.